By Rusda Fauziah (09301241048)
Mathematics Education 2009
A. Introduction
Low education in Indonesia makes government got hard work to overcome it. Many ways is tried to do to get optimal results in the Junior High School and Senior High School. Mathematics is lesson subject as a terrible scourges, abstraction concept in Mathematics makes it difficult to understand. Base of that problem, teachers have important task to change the students thinking. In order to student can minimize difficulties they have. Teacher must get good way to get meaningful learning to students.
Teacher can develop standard process of teaching learning such as develop lesson plan, student worksheet, various interaction, small group discussion, various teaching method, various media, student reflection, student conclusion, apperception, cognitive scheme, and assessment.
B. How To Develop Teaching Learning Process Of Mathematics In Junior High School And Senior High School
According to the Minister of National Education Regulation No. 41 Year 2007 vision of the national education system is the realization of the social institution of education as a powerful and authoritative to empower all citizens of Indonesia to develop into a human quality so able and proactively respond to ever-changing challenges of our time. People who are qualified, it can’t be separated from the influence of teachers who are competent in teaching. Competent teachers are teachers who have a good standard process, in here there are some standard process that can develop and explore by the teacher so that make students get deep understand and get meaningful leaning especially in mathematics education.
1. Lesson Plan
Lesson plan is a teacher’s detailed description of teaching learning process as instruction in a class. A daily lesson plan is developed by a teacher to guide class interaction. In implementation, headmaster should approve lesson plan to know it’s suitable and acceptance to students. Step to prepare and arrange lesson plan are:
a. Take a unit of learning that will be applied in learning
b. Write basic standard of competency
It is about minimal capability that must be mastered by student.
c. Write the indicator to achieve basic competency
d. Determine the allocation time
e. Formulate learning objectives
f. Determine the learning material to be provided
g. Choose the learning method
h. Arrange the step of learning activities
i. Mention the source learning, the teacher give information to the student there are many source learning, they just don’t get learning from the book, they can get information from around them.
Every teacher have different lesson plan in their class. It depends on material subject, student capability and teacher’s creativity. Here some principle to prepare lesson plan:
a. Attention to individual differences in student
b. Encouraging the active participation of student
c. Developing reading and writing culture
d. Provide feedback and follow-up
e. the linkage and integration
f. Applying information and communication technology
Lesson plan makes teacher can teach systematically and regularly, but teacher need extra time to make it and many teacher get trouble to prepare lesson plan because skill, ability and creativity in here very needed.
2. Student’s worksheet
Student work sheet is a sheet to assist and facilitate the teaching learning process that will form an effective interaction between students and teachers, thus it can increase the activity of the students in improving learning achievement. It can be about problem solving or find the formula of the problem given. In here sometimes teacher give some hint in order to make understanding easily for students and student can construct the problem easily. So teacher should know the ability of students. Student can do work sheet by individual or groups, it depends on material or competency they can get.
The benefits of the student work sheet are:
a. The student can work independently. It can help them to construct their mind for problem given in work sheet
b. The student can be active and critic learner
c. For the teacher, it can develop wide range of activities that can use in learning
The obstacles of the student work sheet are:
a. Increase work load for teacher
b. Require on additional free time
c. Requires knowledge and skill of teacher
3. Various teaching method
There are many teaching method to educate students such as exposition method, discussion method, the method of training and administration task, invention method, problem solving method, contextual method, constructivist method, etc. It’s important for implementing by teacher in order to they can transfer their information for the student, it is just not transferred but also they can give meaningful learning so the student can get deep understanding about the abstract concept in mathematics. Teacher can implement various method in their learning depends on characteristic of student or material subject that would be learned. Now many teachers develop constructivist method for their learning. Constructivist method demand the student to construct their mind to solve the problem, teacher just see across them and give the hint to them. So the student can get good thinking and can be more critic people.
The purpose of various teaching method are:
a. Increase learning achievement
b. Encourage students to learn actively
c. Provide an opportunity for students to use props and work together
4. Various interaction
There are three parts of interaction in the class. They are whole class interaction, small group interaction and individual interaction. Whole class is interaction by teacher in front of the class to explain or presentation or reflection by a student in front of the class. Small group interaction is interaction in group that it’s divided the students in whole class to small group to discuss about the problem that or task given, it can be interaction by teacher who move on to each group and it also can be a student with the other to share information . And the individual interaction is interaction between teacher with a student when ask something or a student to a student when they share. The benefits of various interactions are:
a. Student can get interested the lesson
b. Student can learn how to appreciate the other student opinion
c. Increase the confidential students to share their opinion
5. Small group discussion
Small group discussion is one of interaction on learning. Teacher divides students in the class to some group getting on three to five students in each group. It’s useful for students to develop their ability to think and communicate with another. They can exchange their information and improve understanding on each other so it can increase the motivation to learn, because they just don’t listen to the teacher explain in front of the class. In here hopefully the teacher gets the goal:
a. Provide an opportunity for student to take initiative
b. To deep an understanding of material learning
c. Provide an opportunity for student to think and determine method of different method
6. Various media
Various media is an access to communication. It’s something that can bring information from deliver to receiver information. Basically students learn something from the concrete thing in order to they can understand about abstract thing, especially in here in abstract mathematics concept. As a teacher, we need something real media to visualization the concept is. So various media is very needed in order to student get understanding. With the media teacher can:
a. Provide variety of activities
b. Provide variety of learning method
c. Provide variety of context and learning atmosphere
d. Clarify understanding of the material
But in implementation it has many obstacles, they are:
a. Arresting a lot of time
b. Requires creativity and skill of teacher
c. Requires more costs
d. Requires a commitment of school
7. Student reflection
Student reflection is activity by student when they done construct and solve the problem is, it can be individual or discussion in group. Reflection is doing in order to student get deep understanding for the problem or concept given through constructivist before. Not only that, it can make the student be confident to deliver their opinion. Teacher can ask a student or some student to reflect in front of the class, or teacher also ask what they get are in their learning individually. But in reality many student get fear to stand up in front of the class to reflect what they get. So in here, teacher must be creatively in order to student be pleasure to give their opinion.
8. Cognitive scheme
Teacher can build cognitive scheme to the student with stimulate their mind to get new knowledge from the construction their knowledge that they got before.
The purpose of developing cognitive scheme is students have good understanding structure so they can receive knowledge easily. The steps to developing cognitive scheme are:
a. Teacher prepare teaching content or material
b. Teacher explain material from easy to hard
c. Teach material in simple
d. Teacher give information what the advantages from learning are
9. Student conclusion
Conclusion is a final arrangement. It can be doing after student do activity learning. The Students be freedom to make conclusion or resume but teacher still supervise them in order to student don’t get failure knowledge. In here some step to develop in order to student get conclusion:
a. Teacher should be make a plan what will they do in the class
b. The teacher still involve in the small group during discussion so the teacher know what the students need. The teacher could move on to each group, they can hear and see the activity on each group so they can know what the problem or difficulties are.
c. After the discussion in the small group, the teacher can give chance to each group to show their discussion about. It’s related with student reflection, so student can compare the discussion result to the other group. And after presentation over, teacher review what the student present and give chance to student to make own conclusion.
10. Apperception
Apperception is what teacher and student doing to get prepare to do the learning, process to relate old knowledge to new knowledge. Actually apperception belongs to students, in here teacher just facilitate and help them to get hint of the lesson that will be doing. Usually apperception is doing in begin of learning. Actually students can’t get apperception lonely, teacher can help them with give some clue with give contextual example or question to stimulate their mind in order to they can understand what must they get or do.
11. Assessment
Process to collect data that can give you an idea of student development is called assessment. It’s important to do in order to teacher can ensure how far the student understands the lesson correctly. If teacher find student who has difficulties, teacher can take appropriated action so that student regardless of difficulties immediately. Assessment emphasize on the process non on final exam, it does from begin until the end. To develop the assessment of student, teacher can:
a. Make student be active learner by explain their idea in front of the class and in the small group discussion
b. Capability to relate the material before with the material will be learned
c. The responsibility of the other student to the student who stand forward
d. Capability to solve the problem and communicate to the others
e. Making a record media to note student activity
C. Conclusion
There are many ways to develop teaching learning process of mathematics in Junior High School. Teacher should make the student understand what explanation about concept that has been learned. So the teachers should know how to prepare lesson plan for their learn, to get correct apperception from the students, to make student be active learner and get confident to share in front of class or deliver their information, teacher can do various teaching method, various teaching aids and various interaction in order to student don’t get bored in the class. With attractive learning student can be interest and understanding the topic about easily. So importantly, teacher must be creative and have more skill to explore the student
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